| Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg | |
|---|---|
Stauffenberg at the Volksgerichtshof |
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| Born | 15 March 1905 Jettingen, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire |
| Died | 10 August 1944 (aged 39) Berlin, Nazi Germany |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
| Nationality | German |
| Employer | Wehrmacht Heer |
| Known for | 20 July plot coordinator |
| Home town | Albstadt, Germany |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Spouse | Maria (Mika) Classen (Marenskaja, Südrussland |
| Parents | Alfred Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg Caroline Schenk Gräfin (von Stauffenberg family) |
| Relatives | Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg |
Berthold Alfred Maria Graf[A 1] Schenk von Stauffenberg (born 15 March 1905 in Stuttgart — executed 10 August 1944 in Berlin-Plötzensee) was a German aristocrat, lawyer and conspirator in the 20 July plot of 1944, along with his brother, Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, an army colonel. Claus had named his eldest son Berthold Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg after his brother.
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Berthold was the oldest of four brothers (the second being Berthold's twin Alexander Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg) born into an old and distinguished aristocratic South German Catholic family. His parents were the last Oberhofmarschall of the Kingdom of Württemberg, Alfred Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, and Caroline née von Üxküll-Gyllenband. Among his ancestors were several famous Prussians, including most notably August von Gneisenau.
In his youth, he and his brothers were members of the Neupfadfinder, a German Scout association and part of the German Youth movement.[1][2][3][4]
After having studied law at Tübingen, he became assistant professor of international law at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Foreign and International Law in 1927. He and his brother Claus were introduced by Albrecht von Blumenthal to the circle of the mystic symbolist poet Stefan George, many of whose followers became members of the German Resistance to National Socialism. He worked at the Hague from 1930–1932 and married at Berlin-Zehlendorf on 20 June 1936 Maria (Mika) Classen (Marenskaja, Südrussland, 5 February 1900 — Sigmaringen, 13 September 1977). They had two children:
In 1939, he joined the German Navy, working in the High Command as a staff judge and advisor for international law.
Berthold's apartment at Tristanstraße in Berlin, where his brother Claus also lived for some time, was a meeting place for the July 20 conspirators, including their cousin Peter Yorck von Wartenburg. As Claus had access to the inner circle around Hitler, he was assigned to plant a bomb at the Führer's briefing hut at the military high command in Rastenburg, East Prussia on July 20, 1944. Claus then flew to Rangsdorf airfield south of Berlin where he met with Berthold. They went together to Bendlerstraße, which the coup leaders intended to utilize as the centre of their operations in Berlin.
Hitler survived the bomb blast and the coup failed. Berthold and his brother were arrested at Bendlerstraße the same night. Claus was executed by firing squad shortly afterwards.
After his arrest, Stauffenberg was questioned by the Gestapo about his views about the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". Stauffenberg told the Gestapo that “He and his brother had basically approved of the racial principle of National Socialism, but considered it to be exaggerated and excessive”[5] Stauffenberg went on to state,
The racial idea has been grossly betrayed in this war in that the best German blood is being irrevocably sacrificed, while simultaneously Germany is populated by millions of foreign workers, who certainly cannot be described as of high racial quality[5]
Berthold was tried in the Volksgerichtshof ("People's Court") by Roland Freisler on 10 August and was one of eight conspirators executed by strangulation, hanged in Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, later that day. Before he was killed Berthold was strangled and then revived multiple times.[6] The entire execution and multiple resuscitations was filmed for Hitler to view at his leisure.[6]
Berthold has been portrayed by the following actors in film: